Artéria Umbilical Única: O que significa isto?

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artéria umbilical única

1. Introdução
No cordão umbilical normal existem duas artérias e uma veia. No entanto, a variante com uma única artéria umbilical (AUU) e uma veia umbilical (cordão com 2 vasos), está entre os achados mais comuns anormais em exames de ultrassom fetal, sendo que a artéria umbilical ausente mais frequente é a esquerda.
2. Etiologia
A etiologia da AUU ainda não é completamente conhecida e é provavelmente multifatorial.
Os muitos estudos nessa área apontam para três teorias:

• atrofia ou atresia de uma artéria umbilical normal derivada da alantóide;
• agenesia de uma artéria umbilical em função da parada do seu desenvolvimento a partir da alantóide;
• persistência da artéria alantóica.

Algumas evidências sugerem que a atrofia secundária de uma artéria previamente normal é o mecanismo mais comum. Remanescentes de uma artéria secundária têm sido identificados histologicamente no cordão umbilical de muitos casos de AUU. Outro ponto é que a agenesia primária de uma artéria umbilical nos primeiros dias de gestação (13º ao 17º) e a persistência da artéria alantóica parecem ser incompatíveis com uma anormalidade congênita tão comum e muitas vezes isolada.

O achado de 1 artéria no cordão ao invés de 2 (AUU) é comum nas gestações e, quando isolado, não prejudica o andamento normal do pré-natal, sendo necessário somente o acompanhamento corriqueiro para avaliação do crescimento fetal.
Os vasos no cordão umbilical são claramente identificáveis com a ultrassonografia. A veia é geralmente maior do que as artérias. A AUU pode ser diagnosticada no pré-natal pelo ultrassom através do achado de dois vasos em uma secção transversal do cordão, ou somente um vaso visto em apenas um lado da bexiga fetal. Isso pode ser evidente no momento em que o ultrassom morfológico de segundo trimestre é realizado, ou até mais precocemente.
2. Epidemiologia
 A artéria umbilical unica pode ser encontrada em cerca de 1% das gestações únicas e em 7% a 14% das gestações gemelares. Nem sempre existe qualquer outro problema para o bebê, mas pode haver anormalidades cromossômicas (geralmente trissomias) em até 14% dos recém-nascidos. O risco de repetição é o mesmo para a primeira gestação, cerca de 1%. Este diagnóstico é facilmente estabelecido durante o exame de ultra-som do segundo trimestre e o médico examinador deve ser alertado para o fato.
A incidência de AUU varia um pouco conforme os estudos analisados, bem como com as características da gravidez. De maneira geral situa-se entre 1 e 2% de todas as gestações, mas chega a 5% em gestações gemelares e 2,5% em abortos espontâneos. Não parece haver diferença em ocorrência quanto aos sexos e a artéria umbilical esquerda é a mais comumente ausente (65 a 70% dos casos).
3. Patogênese
Existe um consenso sobre a necessidade de uma avaliação anatômica detalhada para identificar quaisquer outras anomalias fetais associadas uma vez que a AUU tenha sido diagnosticada. Em casos de AUU isolada, aparentemente não há evidência de risco aumentado de anormalidades cromossômicas, mas o achado de AUU deve alertar o ultrassonografista para procurar defeitos fetais, e um cariótipo (estudo genético), realizado através de amniocentese, deve ser oferecido se anomalias congênitas são encontradas em associação com AUU.
Malformações congênitas em muitos sistemas têm sido relatadas em associação com a AUU, mas não há um padrão específico. As malformações geniturinárias e cardíacas parecem ser as mais prevalentes, e a percepção de que as anomalias renais são particularmente comuns, levou alguns a recomendar uma avaliação renal pós-natal para todas as crianças com AUU.
Um estudo para examinar a associação entre o achado pré-natal de AUU e defeitos cardíacos e verificar a necessidade de avaliação complementar com ecocardiografia fetal foi realizado recentemente e, embora a AUU esteja associada a um aumento da incidência de defeitos cardíacos, esta complementação não é necessária quando o exame morfológico de segundo trimestre é realizado por um ultrassonografista experiente em medicina fetal, porque os defeitos são detectados através da avaliação padrão, que deve incluiu uma visão de quatro câmaras do coração, bem como das vias de saída.
O risco de RCIU (restrição de crescimento intrauterino) é também apontado em alguns estudos e na ausência ainda de dados confiáveis para o contrário, parece prudente a obtenção de uma ultrassonografia no terceiro trimestre para a avaliação do crescimento fetal.
4. Fatores de risco e recorrência

Por ser uma entidade até certo ponto comum e em associação com uma grande quantidade de complicações obstétricas, os fatores de risco também não são poucos. Podemos dividi-los em maternos e fetais.

4.1. Fatores de risco maternos

• diabetes;
• hipertensão / toxemia gravídica;
• epilepsia;
• raça: africana, japonesa, do leste europeu;
• morte perinatal anterior;
• placenta prévia e placenta retida anteriores;
• oligodramnia e polidramnia;
• abortamento habitual.

4.2. Fatores de risco fetais

• malformações estruturais;
• alterações cromossomiais;
• gestação múltipla;
• crescimento intra-uterino retardado;
• prematuridade;
• natimortos;
• abortamentos de 1º trimestre e tardios.

A recorrência de AUU é uma questão ainda não definida pela literatura, não havendo estudos que a definam.

5. Diagnóstico

A detecção de uma artéria umbilical única pode ocorrer durante o pré-natal ou após o nascimento, muito embora a certeza só seja obtida com o histopatológico pós-natal.

É durante o exame ultra-sonográfico que o diagnóstico pré-natal é feito, geralmente pela não observação em um corte transversal do cordão dos três vasos característicos (face de Mickey Mouse).

Esse diagnóstico é influenciado por muitos fatores como espessura da parede abdominal materna; presença de cicatriz abdominal; idade gestacional; posição fetal; volume de líquido amniótico; tortuosidade dos vasos; experiência do examinador e qualidade do equipamento.

O método apresenta uma sensibilidade de aproximadamente 66% com quinze semanas de gestação e 97% com 19 semanas. O valor preditivo positivo mantém-se por volta de 75%, enquanto a especificidade e o valor preditivo negativo superam 95%.

A ocorrência de falso-positivos no exame ultra-sonográfico em geral se deve a uma análise isolada de apenas uma alça do cordão, visto ser freqüente a convergência de ambas as artérias em determinados pontos do cordão. Por isso, é mandatória a realização de vários cortes, incluindo os segmentos proximal, medial e distal, bem como com a visão transversal e longitudinal.

Dificuldades na avaliação do cordão umbilical podem ocorrer, tornando difícil a obtenção de um corte transversal ideal, principalmente nos casos de obesidade materna e oligodramnia. Com isso, têm sido descritos métodos alternativos para o diagnóstico dessa anomalia.

• Visualização da bifurcação aórtica fetal – na visão coronal geralmente notamos duas artérias ilíacas comuns de mesmo calibre. Em fetos com AUU a aorta distal apresenta um discreto desvio contralateral ao lado em que temos a ausência de artéria umbilical. A artéria ilíaca comum será mais calibrosa no lado em que temos artéria umbilical, e do outro lado ela será pequena ou mesmo não identificável.

• Diâmetro da artéria umbilical – em fetos com AUU mecanismos fisiológicos e hemodinâmicos de adaptação costumam aumentar o calibre dessa artéria umbilical para a manutenção de um bom aporte sangüíneo placentário. Em cordões trivasculares a artéria umbilical raramente excede quatro milímetros de diâmetro; já em cordões com AUU essa artéria terá mais de quatro milímetros em grande parte dos casos, principalmente quando avaliados após 26 semanas.

• Relação entre os diâmetros da veia e artéria umbilicais – como citado acima, vemos que a AUU geralmente tem um aumento em seu diâmetro, o que não é acompanhado integralmente pela veia umbilical. Dessa forma, temos em cordões trivasculares uma relação entre diâmetro da veia umbilical e diâmetro da artéria umbilical maior que 2, enquanto nos cordões bivasculares essa relação é menor ou igual a 2.

• Visualização das artérias ilíacas internas ao longo da bexiga fetal – baseia-se no fato de ambas as artérias umbilicais originarem-se como extensões das artérias ilíacas internas, as quais circundam a bexiga fetal. Utiliza-se um corte axial da bexiga, com as espinhas isquiáticas posteriormente e o “umbigo” anteriormente, e emprega-se então o Doppler colorido, evidenciando apenas uma dessas artérias ilíacas ao longo da bexiga.

6. Malformações estruturais e anomalias cromossomiais associadas

A relação entre AUU, malformações fetais e cromossomopatias tem sido mostrada em numerosos estudos, embora haja muita discordância com relação à verdadeira incidência de alterações severas nesses fetos.

Enquanto alguns citam 25-30% de malformações em fetos com AUU, outros apresentam taxas de até 50%. As anomalias cromossomiais são mais freqüentemente encontradas nos abortamentos espontâneos e nos fetos com malformações múltiplas e praticamente nunca naquelas apenas com artéria umbilical única, isolada.

Em um grande trabalho realizado por Lenug foram analisados 159 recém-natos com AUU e malformações associadas, e observou-se uma grande ocorrência de malformações múltiplas. Quanto aos órgãos, o sistema mais envolvido foi o Musculo-esquelético (37%), seguido pelo Genitourinário (33%), Gastrointestinal (27%), Cardiovascular (20%), SNC (12%) e Respiratório (9%).

Entre as cromossomopatias, notamos que as mais associadas são as trissomias do 13 e do 18, com pouca ou nenhuma associação com Síndrome de Down e menor associação com cromossomopatias sexuais.

7. Conduta

A detecção de uma artéria umbilical única geralmente ocorre durante exames ultra-sonográficos de rotina, em gestantes sem fatores de risco e que agora passam a necessitar de um acompanhamento mais detalhado por profissionais mais experientes em patologias fetais.

Um exame ultra-sonográfico fetal minucioso é o primeiro passo, avaliando toda a morfologia fetal para a detecção de possíveis malformações associadas, maiores ou menores. Embora alguns autores não recomendem alterar a conduta obstétrica caso outras alterações não sejam detectadas, baseados em estudos mostrando um bom prognóstico nesses casos, é prudente o emprego de uma propedêutica acessória, pois outras complicações podem se associar. Dentro dela ressaltamos a ecocardiografia fetal; o cariótipo fetal (idade materna maior de 35 anos e/ou com estruturais associadas); USG seriada para avaliar crescimento e vitalidade fetal; e exame detalhado do recém-nascido.

Com a evolução do uso do Doppler colorido na avaliação fetal estudos têm surgido com o seu emprego em gestações com AUU. O estudo da dopplervelocimetria dessas artérias umbilicais únicas tem mostrado que fetos apresentando altos índices de resistência têm um pior prognóstico quando comparados a fetos com dopplervelocimetrias normais, e que o diâmetro dessa artéria umbilical única é inversamente proporcional a esses índices de resistência. Isso comprova a teoria de que esse aumento da artéria umbilical é responsável pela manutenção de um fluxo sangüíneo adequado para o transcorrer da gestação. O achado de um Doppler da artéria umbilical alterado também aumenta o risco de malformações complexas e aneuploidias concomitantes, ao contrário de estudos com resultados normais.

Um outro ponto do estudo pelo Doppler é a avaliação das artérias ilíacas comuns, que mostram assimetria quanto aos índices de resistência e conseqüentemente ao fluxo sangüíneo.

O lado em que há ausência de artéria umbilical mostra valores de resistência maiores que do lado em que há a artéria umbilical única, discordância essa que aumenta com o evoluir da gestação em função da progressiva diminuição de resistência no leito placentário.

Essas alterações circulatórias intra-uterinas em fetos com AUU podem ser relevantes quanto às origens fetais de doenças do adulto, na medida em que crianças com AUU apresentam as artérias ilíacas comuns que supriram a placenta com lesões ateroescleróticas muito precoces, o que pode desempenhar papel na gênese de vasculopatias do adulto.

8. Prognóstico

Será basicamente dependente das malformações estruturais e anomalias cromossomiais concomitantes, determinantes da natimortalidade perinatal.

Vários estudos têm mostrado que a ocorrência de artéria umbilical única, isolada, apresenta um bom prognóstico, com discreta redução no peso de nascimento, idade de nascimento e índices de Apgar, e sem afetar o bem-estar do recém-nato, que apresenta um risco um pouco aumentado para malformações menores do trato genitourinário, como um rim ectópico.

Logo, fetos sem anomalias associadas que apresentem uma propedêutica pré-natal sem alterações geralmente evoluem muito bem no período pós-natal.

9. Conclusão

A ocorrência de artéria umbilical única procurou ser aqui bem detalhada quanto a todos os seus aspectos, principalmente diagnóstico e prognóstico, ressaltando a necessidade de uma correta propedêutica pré-natal. O acompanhamento pós-natal também é de fundamental importância, desde a confirmação histopatológica quanto ao screening do neonato e malformações associadas, o que garante a todos a certeza de um bom prognóstico ou a necessidade de um acompanhamento clínico-cirúrgico mais especializado.

E se o bebê tem artéria umbilical única?

É muito importante ter segurança de que este achado é realmente isolado, porque PODE estar associado a síndromes genéticas e alterações na formação principalmente dos rins e coração, por isso é de extrema importância a realização de um exame de ultrassom morfológico de segundo trimestre (idealmente realizado entre 20 e 24 semanas) em um centro especializado em medicina fetal.

E se durante o exame de ultrassonografia forem encontrados outras alterações no seu bebê?

 

 Fique alerta! E considere a realização da amniocentese para o estudo genético, pois isto pode significar que o bebê tem problemas maiores do que somente a falta de uma artéria no cordão. E a ecocardiografia fetal? Não parece acrescentar muito se o exame morfológico foi feito em um centro especializado por um ultrassonografista experiente em medicina fetal, mas é um exame complementar inócuo para a mãe e o feto, podendo ser realizado se a equipe médica julgar prudente ou se ajudar a diminuir a ansiedade da futura mamãe. Depois, é sempre bom comentar o diagnóstico pré-natal de AUU com o seu pediatra que vai cuidar do bebê ao longo do seu desenvolvimento, assim ele pode dar mais uma olhada com atenção principalmente para os rins do pequeno e assegurar que esteja tudo bem após o nascimento.

Referências

  1. Predanic M, Perni SC, Friedman A FA, Chervenak, ST Chasen. Avaliação do crescimento fetal, peso ao nascer e neonatal em fetos com artéria umbilical única, isolada. Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 105:1093-1098.  
  2. Wiegand, Samantha MD 1; McKenna, David SMD 2;, Christopher Croom MD 2; Ventolini, Gary MD 2; Jiri, DMD Sonek, RDMS 2; Neiger, Ran MD 2. Jornal americano de Perinatologia. 25 (3) :149-152, março de 2008.
  3. Hua M, Odibo AO, Macones GA, Roehl KA, Crane JP, Cahill AG. Single umbilical artery and its associated findings. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 May;115(5):930-4
  4. Dagklis T, Defigueiredo D, Staboulidou I, Casagrandi D, Nicolaides KH. Isolated single umbilical artery and fetal karyotype. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Sep;36(3):291-5.
  5. Defigueiredo D, Dagklis T, Zidere V, Allan L, Nicolaides KH. Isolated single umbilical artery: need for specialist fetal echocardiography? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Jun 8.
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  • Patricia Gonçalves

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  • Anônimo

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    Boa noite, meu filho nasceu de 40 semanas 3400 kl 49 cm, não sabia que ele tinha artéria única fiquei sabendo so o dia que ele nasceu, na mesa de parto tomei um susto mas graças a Deus ele nasceu perfeitinho Deus sabe o que faz com todos os riscos eu não sabia e esperaram ate a ultima hora para fazerem o meu parto hoje tive a certeza que meu filho e mesmo um milagre em nossas vidas, hoje esta com 2 anos e 11 anos um meninao muito esperto e saudável agradeço a Deus por ele esta aqui hoje!

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  • Anônimo

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    Ola, o seu médico só vai pedir para observar melhor seu bb, fazer mais ultra-sons, mas se for o unico sinal de má formaçao não quer dizer que irá nascer prematuro, nem que não terá peso suficiente.. fique tranquila... entre nessa comunidade... bbs de arteria Unica podem ser saudáveis e ainda ter um parto normal lindo!

    http://www.facebook.com/#!/pages/AUU-Arteria-Umbilical-Unica/161265853958518

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  • Vanessa

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