Por Silas A. Rosa
Toda mulher começa a sua “carreira” de mãe consciente da importância de amamentar seu filho. No entanto, a maioria não consegue o que se preconiza: seis meses de exclusivo aleitamento materno e a manutenção do aleitamento por 2 anos, pelo menos. Neste artigo, que inicia uma série dedicada à nutrição, vamos falar de nossa experiência com as barreiras que impedem a consecução desta alimentação nos limites acima colocados.
Para que tudo vá bem é preciso começar bem. Neste sentido as mães atuais já encontram a primeira dificuldade: o parto cesariano. Outrora todos os partos eram vaginais. As mães não eram submetidas ao stress da cirurgia, nem a procedimentos anestésicos. O colostro (primeiro leite) produzido desde o final da gestação, já está disponível logo após o parto normal. Quando a mãe se submete ao parto cesariano é comum uma interrupção na eliminação do colostro, que pode durar até 24 horas.
Para que tudo vá bem é preciso começar bem. Neste sentido as mães atuais já encontram a primeira dificuldade: o parto cesariano. Outrora todos os partos eram vaginais. As mães não eram submetidas ao stress da cirurgia, nem a procedimentos anestésicos. O colostro (primeiro leite) produzido desde o final da gestação, já está disponível logo após o parto normal. Quando a mãe se submete ao parto cesariano é comum uma interrupção na eliminação do colostro, que pode durar até 24 horas.
Esta desvantagem do parto cesariano pode ser superada se a mãe for bem orientada e receber o apoio necessário. Crianças que nascem a termo e com bom peso de nascimento (isto é, que não são prematuras nem desnutridas intra-útero) podem muito bem prescindir da alimentação nas primeiras vinte e quatro horas de vida, tempo em que sugando a mama estimulam a liberação do leite, interrompida pelo stress do ato cirúrgico.
Acontece que em algum momento do passado os pediatras e neonatologistas se preocuparam em demasia com uma situação anormal, que pode vitimar alguns recém-nascidos, chamada hipoglicemia neonatal, que é a queda do teor de glicose no sangue dos bebês e que pode ter repercussões no cérebro. A exagerada preocupação com esta hipoglicemia tem precipitado a administração de outros alimentos, como soro glicosado em chucas ou mamadeiras de leite nestas primeiras vinte e quatro horas. A hipoglicemia é raríssima em crianças que nascem hígidas, isto é, com bom peso e no tempo certo. Geralmente o que ocorre é precipitação mesmo, com a chance de interferir de forma irreversível com o adequado processo de alimentação do bebê, que é o aleitamento materno.
A criança que “aprende” a sugar bico de chupeta, chuca ou mamadeira usa apenas os lábios para sugar. Quando levada à mama tenta reproduzir o mesmo processo de sucção sem resultado: para sugar a mama o bebê tem que usar toda a bochecha. Sugando apenas com os lábios ele “racha” o bico do seio e não consegue a liberação do leite. Portanto, a primeira sucção do bebê tem de ser já na mama, para que o bebê “aprenda” a sugar adequadamente com toda a bochecha.
Se a preocupação com a hipoglicemia exerce uma pressão demasiado grande contra o jejum do bebê nestas primeiras horas, por que não administrar somente o soro glicosado com uma colher, evitando iniciar um processo vicioso de sucção?
Se a preocupação com a hipoglicemia exerce uma pressão demasiado grande contra o jejum do bebê nestas primeiras horas, por que não administrar somente o soro glicosado com uma colher, evitando iniciar um processo vicioso de sucção?
Outro fato negligenciado pelas mães é que os primeiros quinze dias de vida funcionam como um período de adaptação recíproca do binômio mãe-bebê. A periodicidade com que o bebê quer sugar e as quantidades de leite produzida e liberada, variam muito nestes primeiros dias. É preciso ter paciência. Tal é a importância que tem o aleitamento exclusivo nos primeiros seis meses de vida que é preferível, circunstancialmente, a criança sadia passar algumas poucas horas de fome, quando falta o leite materno, que receber sequer uma mamadeira de outro leite.
A primeira mamadeira é sempre o início do processo de desmame precoce.Freqüentemente, quando chego ao apartamento das mães, na primeira visita nas maternidades, já encontro lá uma chupeta, a chuca e… uma lata de leite em pó. Isto é tudo que não desejo para nenhum recém-nascido, que, tendo a seu lado a mãe, dispõe da fonte do melhor e mais adequado alimento para o início da vida, como veremos nos próximos artigos.
http://www.rondonoticias.com.br/showNew.jsp?CdMateria=69610&CdTpMateria=127
Digo sempre às mães que estão iniciando o processo de lactação que a decisão de adotar a amamentação exclusiva dos bebês no primeiro semestre da vida é o primeiro e mais importante passo para a felicidade deles. Afirmava, no passado, que o primeiro passo, na verdade, era a decisão de se ter parto normal, mas neste quesito eu fui vencido pela evolução dos fatos.
Infelizmente, a Assistência Médica, como qualquer instituição humana, é ela mesma e suas circunstâncias. Falar em parto normal, isto é, parto vaginal, é clamar no deserto. Os obstetras que comigo trabalham e que conhecem meu passado em defesa do parto normal, dizem que hoje parto normal é a cesariana, devendo se denominar o parto outrora normal de parto vaginal. No entanto, nas maternidades públicas a freqüência de partos vaginais continua sendo superior a dos partos cesarianos. Como sou otimista, ainda espero que no futuro haja um movimento para reverter esta preferência pelas cesarianas, observada nas maternidades particulares.
Esta decisão pela amamentação exclusiva, entretanto, não é fácil. Os bebês que mamam exclusivamente leite materno inicialmente dão mais trabalho que os alimentados com mamadeiras. Os bebês em aleitamento materno “toda hora” querem mamar, enquanto os alimentados com mamadeira “são uns reloginhos”, mamam de três em três horas. Ademais, os que mamam leite materno ficam muitos minutos sugando e, a seguir, ficam acordados, resmungando, se mexendo e exigindo atenção. Já os da mamadeira mamam e dormem… são uns anjinhos! As mães dos que somente mamam no peito dormem muito menos que as felizardas que resolveram dar mamadeira, porque os bebês amamentados com leite materno acordam muito mais vezes à noite para mamar. No entanto, tudo isto têm o seu contraponto em favor do aleitamento materno como veremos a seguir.
A proteína principal do leite materno é a lacto-albumina. Esta proteína é de fácil digestão no estômago do bebê e em poucos minutos passa para o intestino, esvaziando o estômago. Como a fome depende em parte da plenitude gástrica estas crianças têm vontade de sugar a intervalos muito menores que os que tomam mamadeira com leite de vaca in natura ou industrializado. A principal proteína do leite de vaca é a caseína, de digestão muito mais difícil e demorada. O leite de vaca é produto natural para alimentar bezerros que nascem com 33 quilos (e não 3 quilos como os bebês) e que, sendo ruminantes, possuem quatro estômagos (pança, rúmen, barrete e coagulador). Portanto, quando o bebê mama o leite de vaca, mesmo industrializado, com bastante caseína ele tem uma digestão difícil e demorada. É como se o bebê amamentado com leite materno comesse um prato de massas a cada ato alimentar, enquanto o “coitado” do condenado a tomar mamadeira come um prato de feijoada a cada três horas. Por isso este último só mama e dorme… na verdade “não dorme”: “desmaia” como nós, adultos, nos sábados a tarde após a feijoada do almoço.
Sempre digo às mães que o desenvolvimento neuro-psico-motor do bebê decorre de sua atividade em vigília e não das horas “mortas” em que dorme. Daí terem os bebês alimentados somente com leite materno um desenvolvimento melhor que os outros: firmam a cabeça mais cedo, sentam primeiro, engatinham antes, andam e começam a falar com idade menor, em média. Por estas e outras razões, que ainda vamos expor nos próximos artigos, a opção da amamentação adequada (leite materno exclusivo nos primeiros seis meses e manutenção da amamentação por pelo menos mais um ano e meio depois) embora exija mais da mãe acaba compensando, principalmente se o foco da análise for o futuro dos bebês.
http://www.rondonoticias.com.br/showNew.jsp?CdMateria=69722&CdTpMateria=127
Este artigo pertence ao http://gestavida.blogspot.com/
Plágio é crime e está previsto no artigo 184 do Código Penal.
Plágio é crime e está previsto no artigo 184 do Código Penal.
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